I-VR

I-Cupel iwuhlobo lwezimbotshana eziphikisayo ezisetshenziselwa ukumunca i-lead oxide (noma i-bismuth oxide) lapho umlotha uphephetha ibhande lomthofu (noma ibhande le-bismuth). Ngesikhathi sokufutha komlotha, umthofu ukhishwa nge-oxidized ku-lead monoxide (PbO), iningi lawo elimuncwa isitsha somlotha. Igolide, isiliva, iplatinamu, nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu zakha izilinganiso ku-cupel, bese zisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi ziquketheni insimbi eyigugu. I-Cupel ivame ukwenziwa nge-magnesium oxide, umlotha, usimende wasePortland nezinye izinto. Esivivinyweni segolide nesiliva, amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile okushisa komlotha angama-900 kuya ku-1000°C, kodwa angahluka ngobuchwepheshe, ukugeleza komoya, nezinto zomlotha. I-Cupel iyisinyathelo sokugcina nesibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuhlolwa kwegolide ngomlilo. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi ye-gray dish ibaluleke kakhulu.

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